heart faiure final presentation (2)

Dr. Khasufa Richard; Dr. Kapsindet Sam

Heart failure is defined as a clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection, leading to congestion. Global prevalence exceeds 56 million, increasing with age and carrying a high mortality risk. The document details classifications such as HFrEF, HFpEF, HFmrEF, and HFrecEF, and outlines precipitating factors, symptoms, and examination findings. It reviews key investigations and outlines guideline-directed medical therapy, including ACEIs/ARNIs, beta‑blockers, MRAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, as well as other medications and potential complications. Take‑home points emphasize early diagnosis, rapid stabilization, and tailored pharmacologic treatment to improve outcomes.